Xyoo 2019, kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb yog 1.89 billion tons, uas Tuam Tshoj siv hlau nyoos yog 950 lab tons, suav txog 50% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2019, Tuam Tshoj siv hlau nyoos tau nce mus txog qib siab tshaj plaws, thiab kev siv hlau nyoos ib tus neeg tau nce mus txog 659 kg. Los ntawm kev paub txog kev txhim kho ntawm cov teb chaws tsim kho hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas, thaum kev siv hlau nyoos ib tus neeg tau nce mus txog 500 kg, qib kev siv yuav poob qis. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias Tuam Tshoj siv hlau tau nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws, yuav nkag mus rau lub sijhawm ruaj khov, thiab thaum kawg qhov kev thov yuav poob qis. Xyoo 2020, kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev tsim tawm yog 1.89 billion tons thiab 1.88 billion tons. Cov hlau nyoos uas tsim los ntawm cov hlau ore ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog li ntawm 1.31 billion tons, siv li ntawm 2.33 billion tons ntawm cov hlau ore, qis dua me ntsis ntawm cov zis ntawm 2.4 billion tons ntawm cov hlau ore hauv tib lub xyoo.
Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov hlau nyoos thiab kev siv hlau tiav lawm, qhov kev thov hlau hauv khw tuaj yeem pom tau. Txhawm rau pab cov neeg nyeem nkag siab zoo dua txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm peb yam no, tsab ntawv no ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luv luv los ntawm peb yam: kev tsim cov hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb, kev siv pom tseeb thiab cov txheej txheem nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb
Xyoo 2020, cov hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb tsim tau 1.88 billion tons. Cov hlau nyoos tsim tau ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb, Nyiv Pooj, Tebchaws Meskas, Lavxias thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb suav txog 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% thiab 3.6% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau nyoos tsim tau thoob ntiaj teb, thiab tag nrho cov hlau nyoos tsim tau ntawm rau lub tebchaws suav txog 77.5% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau nyoos tsim tau thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2020, cov hlau nyoos tsim tau thoob ntiaj teb nce 30.8% xyoo-rau-xyoo.
Xyoo 2020, Tuam Tshoj cov hlau nyoos tsim tau txog 1.065 billion tons. Tom qab ua tiav 100 lab tons thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1996, Tuam Tshoj cov hlau nyoos tsim tau txog 490 lab tons hauv xyoo 2007, ntau dua plaub npaug hauv 12 xyoos, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 14.2%. Txij xyoo 2001 txog 2007, qhov kev loj hlob txhua xyoo tau txog 21.1%, ncav cuag 27.2% (2004). Tom qab xyoo 2007, cuam tshuam los ntawm kev kub ntxhov nyiaj txiag, kev txwv kev tsim khoom thiab lwm yam, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov hlau nyoos tsim tau qeeb qeeb, thiab txawm tias pom kev loj hlob tsis zoo hauv xyoo 2015. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem pom tias theem ceev ceev ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev loj hlob hlau thiab hlau tau dhau mus, kev loj hlob yav tom ntej yog txwv, thiab thaum kawg yuav muaj kev loj hlob tsis zoo.
Txij xyoo 2010 txog 2020, Is Nrias teb cov hlau nyoos loj hlob sai tshaj plaws thib ob tom qab Tuam Tshoj, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 3.8%; Cov hlau nyoos tsim tau ntau tshaj 100 lab tons thawj zaug hauv xyoo 2017, ua lub tebchaws thib tsib nrog cov hlau nyoos tsim tau ntau tshaj 100 lab tons hauv keeb kwm, thiab dhau Nyiv Pooj hauv xyoo 2018, qeb thib ob hauv ntiaj teb.
Tebchaws Meskas yog thawj lub tebchaws uas muaj cov hlau nyoos tsim tau txhua xyoo txog 100 lab tons (ntau tshaj 100 lab tons hlau nyoos tau ua tiav thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1953), ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 137 lab tons hauv xyoo 1973, qeb duas thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tsim cov hlau nyoos txij li xyoo 1950 txog 1972. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1982, cov hlau nyoos tsim tau hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txo qis, thiab cov hlau nyoos tsim tau hauv xyoo 2020 tsuas yog 72.7 lab tons.
Kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb pom tseeb
Xyoo 2019, kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb yog 1.89 billion tons. Kev siv hlau nyoos hauv Suav teb, Is Nrias teb, Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv Pooj, Kaus Lim Qab Teb thiab Lavxias suav txog 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% thiab 2.5% ntawm tag nrho thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2019, kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb tau nce 52.7% piv rau xyoo 2009, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 4.3%.
Xyoo 2019, Tuam Tshoj siv hlau nyoos los ua khoom siv pom tseeb yuav luag txog 1 billion tons. Tom qab siv tau 100 lab tons thawj zaug xyoo 1993, xyoo 2002, Tuam Tshoj siv hlau nyoos tau ntau tshaj 200 lab tons, thiab xyoo 2009 nws loj hlob sai heev, nce txog 570 lab tons, nce 179.2% piv rau xyoo 2002 thiab nruab nrab txhua xyoo loj hlob 15.8%. Tom qab xyoo 2009, vim muaj teeb meem nyiaj txiag thiab kev hloov pauv kev lag luam, kev thov hlau tau qeeb zuj zus. Xyoo 2014 thiab 2015, Tuam Tshoj siv hlau nyoos tau loj hlob tsis zoo, thiab xyoo 2016 nws loj hlob zoo, tab sis xyoo tas los no nws loj hlob qeeb zuj zus.
Xyoo 2019, Is Nrias teb siv hlau nyoos li ntawm 108.86 lab tons, dhau Tebchaws Meskas thiab yog lub tebchaws thib ob hauv ntiaj teb. Xyoo 2019, Is Nrias teb siv hlau nyoos li ntawm 69.1% piv rau xyoo 2009, nrog rau qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm 5.4%, yog lub tebchaws thib ib hauv ntiaj teb tib lub sijhawm.
Tebchaws Meskas yog thawj lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb uas siv cov hlau nyoos ntau tshaj 100 lab tons, thiab yog lub tebchaws thib ib hauv ntiaj teb tau ntau xyoo. Vim muaj teeb meem nyiaj txiag xyoo 2008, kev siv cov hlau nyoos hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txo qis heev hauv xyoo 2009, yuav luag 1/3 qis dua li xyoo 2008, tsuas yog 69.4 lab tons xwb. Txij li xyoo 1993, kev siv cov hlau nyoos hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tsawg dua 100 lab tons tsuas yog hauv xyoo 2009 thiab 2010 xwb.
Kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb ib tus neeg
Xyoo 2019, kev siv hlau nyoos thoob ntiaj teb ib tus neeg yog 245 kg. Lub teb chaws uas siv hlau nyoos ntau tshaj plaws yog Kaus Lim Qab Teb (1082 kg/tus neeg). Lwm lub teb chaws uas siv hlau nyoos loj uas muaj kev siv hlau nyoos ntau dua yog Tuam Tshoj (659 kg/tus neeg), Nyiv Pooj (550 kg/tus neeg), Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (443 kg/tus neeg), Qaib ntxhw (332 kg/tus neeg), Lavxias (322 kg/tus neeg) thiab Tebchaws Meskas (265 kg/tus neeg).
Kev lag luam yog ib qho txheej txheem uas tib neeg hloov cov khoom siv ntuj tsim mus ua kev nplua nuj hauv zej zog. Thaum kev nplua nuj hauv zej zog nce mus txog ib qib thiab kev lag luam nkag mus rau lub sijhawm loj hlob, kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb yuav tshwm sim hauv cov qauv kev lag luam, kev siv hlau nyoos thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yuav pib poob qis, thiab qhov ceev ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob kuj yuav qeeb qeeb. Piv txwv li, kev siv hlau nyoos ib tus neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas tseem nyob rau theem siab hauv xyoo 1970, ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 711 kg (1973). Txij thaum ntawd los, kev siv hlau nyoos ib tus neeg hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pib poob qis, nrog rau kev poob qis loj los ntawm xyoo 1980 txog xyoo 1990. Nws poob qis (226kg) hauv xyoo 2009 thiab maj mam rov qab mus rau 330kg txog xyoo 2019.
Xyoo 2020, tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm Is Nrias teb, South America thiab Africa yuav yog 1.37 billion, 650 lab thiab 1.29 billion feem, uas yuav yog qhov chaw loj hlob ntawm kev thov hlau yav tom ntej, tab sis nws yuav nyob ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm ntau lub tebchaws thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Lub txheej txheem kev txiav txim siab txog tus nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb
Lub txheej txheem kev teem nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb feem ntau suav nrog kev teem nqi mus sij hawm ntev thiab kev teem nqi ntsuas. Kev teem nqi mus sij hawm ntev yog ib zaug uas yog lub txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev teem nqi hlau hauv ntiaj teb. Nws lub hauv paus yog tias sab kev muab khoom thiab kev thov ntawm cov hlau xauv qhov ntau ntawm kev muab khoom lossis qhov ntau ntawm kev yuav khoom los ntawm cov ntawv cog lus mus sij hawm ntev. Lub sijhawm feem ntau yog 5-10 xyoo, lossis txawm tias 20-30 xyoo, tab sis tus nqi tsis ruaj khov. Txij li xyoo 1980, tus qauv kev teem nqi ntawm lub txheej txheem kev teem nqi mus sij hawm ntev tau hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi FOB thawj mus rau tus nqi nrov ntxiv rau kev thauj khoom hiav txwv.
Tus cwj pwm ntawm kev teem nqi ntawm lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev koom tes yog tias txhua xyoo nyiaj txiag, cov neeg muab khoom hlau loj hauv ntiaj teb sib tham nrog lawv cov neeg siv khoom loj los txiav txim siab tus nqi hlau ntawm xyoo nyiaj txiag tom ntej. Thaum txiav txim siab tus nqi, ob tog yuav tsum siv nws hauv ib xyoos raws li tus nqi sib tham. Tom qab ib tog ntawm tus neeg thov hlau thiab ib tog ntawm tus neeg muab khoom hlau tau txais kev pom zoo, kev sib tham yuav xaus, thiab tus nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb yuav raug xaus txij thaum ntawd los. Hom kev sib tham no yog hom "pib ua raws li qhov sib txawv". Tus qauv ntsuas tus nqi yog FOB. Kev nce ntawm cov hlau zoo tib yam thoob plaws ntiaj teb yog tib yam, uas yog, "FOB, tib yam nce".
Tus nqi ntawm cov hlau ore hauv Nyiv Pooj tau tswj hwm kev lag luam hlau thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm 20 tons hauv xyoo 1980 ~ 2001. Tom qab nkag mus rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau tau vam meej thiab pib muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev muab khoom thiab kev thov ntawm cov hlau ore thoob ntiaj teb. Kev tsim cov hlau ore pib tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev nthuav dav sai ntawm lub peev xwm tsim hlau thiab hlau thoob ntiaj teb, thiab cov nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb tau pib nce siab, tso lub hauv paus rau "kev poob qis" ntawm lub tshuab pom zoo ntev.
Xyoo 2008, BHP, vale thiab Rio Tinto tau pib nrhiav txoj kev teem nqi uas haum rau lawv tus kheej cov kev txaus siab. Tom qab vale sib tham txog tus nqi pib, Rio Tinto tau tawm tsam kom nce ntxiv ntau dua, thiab tus qauv "thawj zaug ua raws li" tau tawg thawj zaug. Xyoo 2009, tom qab cov chaw ua hlau hauv Nyiv Pooj thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb tau lees paub "tus nqi pib" nrog peb lub chaw ua hlau loj, Tuam Tshoj tsis lees txais qhov poob qis 33%, tab sis tau pom zoo nrog FMG ntawm tus nqi qis dua me ntsis. Txij thaum ntawd los, tus qauv "pib ua raws li qhov sib txawv" tau xaus rau, thiab lub tshuab teem nqi ntsuas tau los ua.
Tam sim no, cov ntsuas hlau uas tau tso tawm thoob ntiaj teb feem ntau suav nrog Platts iodex, TSI index, mbio index thiab Tuam Tshoj cov ntsuas nqi hlau (ciopi). Txij li xyoo 2010, Platts index tau raug xaiv los ntawm BHP, Vale, FMG thiab Rio Tinto ua lub hauv paus rau kev ntsuas nqi hlau thoob ntiaj teb. Lub ntsuas mbio tau tso tawm los ntawm British metal herald thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2009, raws li tus nqi ntawm 62% qib hlau hauv chaw nres nkoj Qingdao, Tuam Tshoj (CFR). Lub ntsuas TSI tau tso tawm los ntawm lub tuam txhab Askiv SBB thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2006. Tam sim no, nws tsuas yog siv ua lub hauv paus rau kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev pauv hlau ntawm Singapore thiab Chicago pauv, thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam pauv hlau. Tuam Tshoj cov ntsuas nqi hlau tau tso tawm ua ke los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Iron thiab Steel Industry Association, Tuam Tshoj Minmetals tshuaj lom neeg ntshuam thiab xa tawm Chamber of Commerce thiab Tuam Tshoj Metallurgical thiab mining enterprises association. Nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev sim ua haujlwm thaum Lub Yim Hli 2011. Tuam Tshoj tus nqi hlau ore muaj ob lub sub indexes: domestic hlau ore nqe index thiab imported hlau ore nqe index, ob qho tib si raws li tus nqi thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 1994 (100 cov ntsiab lus).
Xyoo 2011, tus nqi ntawm cov hlau ore uas xa tuaj rau hauv Suav teb tau tshaj US $ 190 / tuj qhuav, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv siab tshaj plaws, thiab tus nqi nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntawm lub xyoo ntawd yog US $ 162.3 / tuj qhuav. Tom qab ntawd, tus nqi ntawm cov hlau ore uas xa tuaj rau hauv Suav teb tau pib poob qis txhua xyoo, mus txog qhov qis tshaj plaws hauv xyoo 2016, nrog rau tus nqi nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntawm US $ 51.4 / tuj qhuav. Tom qab xyoo 2016, tus nqi ntawm cov hlau ore uas xa tuaj rau hauv Suav teb tau rov qab qeeb qeeb. Los ntawm xyoo 2021, tus nqi nruab nrab 3-xyoo, tus nqi nruab nrab 5-xyoo thiab tus nqi nruab nrab 10-xyoo yog 109.1 USD / tuj qhuav, 93.2 USD / tuj qhuav thiab 94.6 USD / tuj qhuav feem.