Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 15, lub txheej txheem tswj ciam teb carbon (CBAM, tseem hu ua EU carbon tariff) tau txais kev pom zoo ua ntej los ntawm EU Council. Nws tau npaj yuav raug siv txij li Lub Ib Hlis 1, 2023, teem sijhawm hloov pauv peb xyoos. Nyob rau tib hnub ntawd, ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm pawg neeg saib xyuas kev lag luam thiab nyiaj txiag (Ecofin) ntawm European Council, cov thawj coj nyiaj txiag ntawm 27 lub tebchaws EU tau pom zoo rau qhov kev thov txog carbon tariff ntawm Fabkis, uas yog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm European Council. Qhov no txhais tau tias EU Cov Tswv Cuab txhawb nqa kev siv txoj cai carbon tariff. Raws li thawj qhov kev thov hauv ntiaj teb los daws teeb meem kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbon tariffs, lub txheej txheem tswj ciam teb carbon yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Nws xav tias thaum Lub Xya Hli xyoo no, EU carbon tariff yuav nkag mus rau theem kev sib tham peb tog ntawm European Commission, European Council thiab European Parliament. Yog tias nws mus zoo, cov ntawv kawg raug cai yuav raug pom zoo.
Txij li thaum xyoo 1990 los, lub tswv yim ntawm "carbon tariff" yeej tsis tau muaj kev siv loj heev. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias EU carbon tariff tuaj yeem yog cov nqi tshwj xeeb rau kev xa khoom siv los yuav daim ntawv tso cai xa khoom ntawm EU lossis se siv hauv tsev uas tau sau rau ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev vam meej ntawm EU daim ntawv cog lus tshiab ntsuab. Raws li EU cov kev cai carbon tariff, nws yuav sau se rau cov hlau, cement, txhuas thiab cov tshuaj chiv uas xa tuaj ntawm cov tebchaws thiab thaj chaw uas muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj pa roj carbon ntau. Lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm lub tshuab no yog txij li xyoo 2023 txog 2025. Thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv, tsis tas yuav them cov nqi sib xws, tab sis cov neeg xa khoom yuav tsum xa daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj, cov pa roj carbon thiab cov pa roj tsis ncaj, thiab cov nqi cuam tshuam txog carbon uas them los ntawm cov khoom hauv lub tebchaws keeb kwm. Tom qab lub sijhawm hloov pauv tas, cov neeg xa khoom yuav them cov nqi cuam tshuam rau cov pa roj carbon ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj. Tam sim no, EU tau xav kom cov tuam txhab lag luam los soj ntsuam, xam thiab tshaj tawm cov nqi carbon ntawm cov khoom los ntawm lawv tus kheej. Kev siv EU carbon tariff yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam li cas? Cov teeb meem uas ntsib thaum siv cov nqi se carbon ntawm EU yog dab tsi? Tsab ntawv no yuav tshuaj xyuas qhov no luv luv.
Peb yuav ua kom kev lag luam carbon zoo dua sai dua.
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib txawv thiab cov nqi se sib txawv, kev sau cov nqi se carbon ntawm EU yuav txo Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam tag nrho nrog Tebchaws Europe los ntawm 10% ~ 20%. Raws li kev kwv yees ntawm European Commission, cov nqi se carbon yuav coj 4 billion euros mus rau 15 billion euros ntawm "cov nyiaj tau los ntxiv" rau EU txhua xyoo, thiab yuav qhia txog kev nce ntxiv txhua xyoo hauv ib lub sijhawm. EU yuav tsom mus rau cov nqi se ntawm txhuas, tshuaj chiv, hlau thiab hluav taws xob. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias EU yuav "nthuav tawm" cov nqi se carbon rau lwm lub tebchaws los ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, kom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau Tuam Tshoj cov haujlwm lag luam.
Xyoo 2021, Tuam Tshoj cov hlau xa tawm mus rau 27 lub tebchaws EU thiab UK tag nrho muaj 3.184 lab tons, nce ntxiv 52.4% txhua xyoo. Raws li tus nqi ntawm 50 euros / ton hauv kev ua lag luam carbon hauv xyoo 2021, EU yuav muab tus nqi carbon ntawm 159.2 lab euros rau Tuam Tshoj cov khoom hlau. Qhov no yuav txo qhov zoo ntawm tus nqi ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov khoom hlau xa tawm mus rau EU. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem yuav txhawb nqa Tuam Tshoj kev lag luam hlau kom nrawm dua qhov kev tshem tawm carbon thiab ua kom nrawm dua kev txhim kho ntawm kev ua lag luam carbon. Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm qhov xwm txheej thoob ntiaj teb thiab qhov kev thov tiag tiag ntawm cov tuam txhab Suav teb kom teb rau EU carbon ciam teb tswj hwm mechanism, kev tsim kho siab ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov lag luam carbon txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv. Nws yog ib qho teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau xav txog kom raws sijhawm txhawb nqa kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau thiab lwm yam kev lag luam kom suav nrog hauv lub kaw lus lag luam carbon emission. Los ntawm kev ua kom sai dua kev tsim kho thiab txhim kho kev ua lag luam carbon, txo cov nqi se uas cov tuam txhab Suav yuav tsum tau them rau kev xa khoom mus rau EU kev ua lag luam kuj tseem tuaj yeem zam kev them se ob npaug.
Txhawb kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev thov fais fab ntsuab
Raws li tsab ntawv thov tshiab uas tau txais yuav, EU cov nqi carbon tsuas yog lees paub tus nqi carbon xwb, uas yuav ua rau Tuam Tshoj txoj kev thov hluav taws xob ntsuab loj hlob tuaj. Tam sim no, tseem tsis tau paub meej tias EU puas lees paub Tuam Tshoj txoj kev txo qis pa phem hauv tebchaws (CCER). Yog tias EU lub khw carbon tsis lees paub CCER, thawj zaug, nws yuav ua rau Tuam Tshoj cov lag luam xa tawm tsis kam yuav CCER los them cov nqi quotas, qhov thib ob, nws yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus ntawm cov nqi carbon thiab nce tus nqi carbon, thiab qhov thib peb, cov lag luam xa tawm yuav xav nrhiav cov phiaj xwm txo qis pa phem uas tuaj yeem ua kom tiav qhov sib txawv ntawm quota. Raws li txoj cai tsim kho thiab siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab raws li Tuam Tshoj txoj kev npaj "ob chav carbon", kev siv hluav taws xob ntsuab tau ua pov thawj tias yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau cov lag luam los daws cov nqi carbon EU. Nrog rau kev loj hlob tas mus li ntawm kev thov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, qhov no yuav tsis tsuas yog pab txhim kho lub peev xwm siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab, tab sis kuj txhawb kom cov lag luam nqis peev rau kev tsim hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab.
Ua kom sai dua qhov kev lees paub ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg thiab cov khoom lag luam uas tsis muaj carbon
Tam sim no, ArcelorMittal, ib lub tuam txhab hlau European, tau tshaj tawm daim ntawv pov thawj xoom carbon steel los ntawm xcarbtm txoj kev npaj, ThyssenKrupp tau tshaj tawm blueminttm, ib lub npe hlau uas tsis muaj pa phem, Nucor steel, ib lub tuam txhab hlau Asmeskas, tau tshaj tawm xoom carbon steel econiqtm, thiab Schnitzer steel kuj tau tshaj tawm GRN steeltm, ib yam khoom siv hlau thiab hlau. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev ua kom nrawm dua ntawm kev ua kom tsis muaj pa phem carbon hauv ntiaj teb, Tuam Tshoj cov tuam txhab hlau thiab hlau Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Iron thiab hlau, Jianlong, thiab lwm yam tau tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm kev ua kom tsis muaj pa phem carbon, ua raws li lub ntiaj teb cov tuam txhab siab heev hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev daws teeb meem thev naus laus zis, thiab siv zog ua kom dhau.
Qhov kev siv tiag tiag tseem ntsib ntau yam teeb meem
Tseem muaj ntau yam teeb meem rau kev siv EU cov nqi roj carbon tiag tiag, thiab qhov system pub dawb carbon quota yuav dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev cai lij choj ntawm cov nqi roj carbon. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2019, ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov tuam txhab hauv EU cov txheej txheem kev lag luam carbon tseem txaus siab rau cov nqi roj carbon dawb. Qhov no yuav cuam tshuam kev sib tw thiab tsis sib xws nrog EU txoj kev npaj kom ua tiav cov pa roj carbon neutrality los ntawm xyoo 2050.
Ntxiv rau, EU vam tias los ntawm kev tsim cov nqi se carbon nrog cov nqi carbon sab hauv zoo sib xws rau cov khoom xa tuaj zoo sib xws, nws yuav siv zog ua kom sib haum nrog cov cai ntawm lub koom haum kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Tshooj 1 (kev kho mob uas nyiam tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws) thiab Tshooj 3 (tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm cov khoom zoo sib xws) ntawm daim ntawv cog lus dav dav ntawm Tariffs thiab kev lag luam (GATT).
Kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau yog kev lag luam uas muaj cov pa roj carbon ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Tib lub sijhawm, kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau muaj cov saw hlau lag luam ntev thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam dav. Kev siv txoj cai them nqi carbon hauv kev lag luam no ntsib teeb meem loj heev. EU cov lus pom zoo ntawm "kev loj hlob ntsuab thiab kev hloov pauv digital" yog qhov tseem ceeb los txhim kho kev sib tw ntawm cov lag luam ib txwm muaj xws li kev lag luam hlau. Xyoo 2021, cov hlau nyoos tsim tawm ntawm EU yog 152.5 lab tons, thiab ntawm tag nrho Tebchaws Europe yog 203.7 lab tons, nrog rau kev nce txhua xyoo ntawm 13.7%, suav txog 10.4% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau nyoos tsim tawm thoob ntiaj teb. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias EU txoj cai them nqi carbon kuj tseem tab tom sim tsim kom muaj kev lag luam tshiab, tsim cov cai lag luam tshiab txog kev daws teeb meem kev hloov pauv huab cua thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam, thiab siv zog kom koom nrog rau hauv lub koom haum kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb kom nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau EU.
Hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov nqi roj carbon yog ib qho kev lag luam tshiab, uas lub hom phiaj yog los tiv thaiv kev ncaj ncees ntawm EU thiab txawm tias European steel lag luam. Tseem muaj peb xyoos lub sijhawm hloov pauv ua ntej EU cov nqi roj carbon raug siv tiag tiag. Tseem muaj sijhawm rau cov tebchaws thiab cov lag luam los tsim cov kev ntsuas tawm tsam. Lub zog khi ntawm cov cai thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov pa roj carbon yuav tsuas yog nce lossis tsis txo qis. Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam hlau thiab hlau yuav koom nrog thiab maj mam tswj hwm txoj cai hais lus yog ib txoj kev npaj txhim kho mus sij hawm ntev. Rau cov lag luam hlau thiab hlau, txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws yog tseem mus rau txoj kev ntsuab thiab qis carbon kev txhim kho, daws qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev txo qis pa roj, ua kom nrawm hloov pauv ntawm lub zog kinetic qub thiab tshiab, tsim kom muaj zog tshiab, ua kom nrawm txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis ntsuab thiab txhim kho kev sib tw ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.